Abstract:
We study the effects of various environmental regulations on environmental performance measured as emission intensity. Moreover, we aim to test whether any such effects are persistent or only temporary. Conventional theory predicts that indirect regulations as opposed to direct regulations provide continuous dynamic incentives for emission reductions. Our unique Norwegian fi rm level panel data set allow us to identify effects from dierent types of regulations such as environmental taxes, non-tradable emission quotas and technology standards. The data includes information of dierent environmental regulations, all kinds of polluting emissions, and a large number of control variables for all polluting incorporated fi rms. Empirically we identify positive and signi cant effects from both direct and indirect policy instruments. We also investigate whether the regulations provide continuous dynamic incentives that lead to persistent effects. In contrast to what the literature suggests, we fi nd evidence that direct regulations promote persistent effects. Indirect regulations will, on the other hand, only have potential persistent effects if environmental taxes are increasing over time.